Using Eclipse and sbt in Scala Programming

This is a tutorial on using the Eclipse IDE and the sbt build tool in Scala programming.

Eclipse is the most popular IDE in Java programming. It is also a great IDE in Scala programming. sbt is the default build tool for Scala projects, like Maven for Java projects. sbt brings the following benefits (among others):

• Easy management of third-party libraries (inside and outside Eclipse)
• Easy execution of all tests
• Easy packaging of artifacts

Eclipse's built-in third-party library management is inconvenient. My other article discussed this issue.

This tutorial teaches how to use Eclipse and sbt together. It is assumed that the readers are Windows users.

Download and Install Eclipse

Download Eclipse Classic 4.2.1. Unzip it to a directory in your PC file system. That is all about Eclipse installation. To start Eclipse, double click eclipse.exe (it is under the eclipse directory).

Create an Eclipse workspace Directory

Simply create an ordinary directory, for example, C:\eclipse-4.2-workspace. Eclipse workspaces are major version specific. It means that you cannot use the same workspace with Eclipse 3.6 and 3.7. 3.6 and 3.7 are two different major versions. On the other hand, it is OK to use the same workspace for both 3.6.1 and 3.6.2. They are two different minor versions, but are still of the same major version (i.e. 3.6). For this reason, I like to put the Eclipse major version number in my workspace names.

Start Eclipse in the Workspace

Start Eclipse. When asked to select a workspace, select the desired workspace directory, e.g. C:\eclipse-4.2-workspace.

Install the Scala-IDE plugin

Scala-IDE is a plugin in Eclipse to develop Scala projects. To install it, with an Eclipse IDE started, click the Help menu and the Install New Software... menu item. On the Install dialog, click the Add button. On the Add Repository dialog, put in "Scala IDE" for the name field, and http://download.scala-ide.org/sdk/e38/scala210/dev/site/ for the location field.

 It will enable Eclipse to work with Scala 2.10.0.

Download and Install sbt

Download sbt.zip and unzip it to your file system. Add the bin directory to your path environment variable.

Add sbteclipse to sbt

sbteclipse is a plugin in sbt to work with Eclipse. Go to the .sbt/plugins directory under your home directory, e.g. C:\Users\ted (for Windows 7). If the directory does not exist, create it. Find a file named plugins.sbt. If it does not exist, create it. Add the following line into it:

addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbteclipse" % "sbteclipse-plugin" % "2.1.1")

It will add the sbteclipse plugin version 2.1.1 into sbt.

Create a sbt Project

Under C:\learning, create a directory usesbt. It will be the project base directory. Under the usesbt directory, create a text file build.sbt, with the following content:

name := "SBT Learning"

version := "1.0"

scalaVersion := "2.10.0"

libraryDependencies += "joda-time" % "joda-time" % "2.1" withSources()

libraryDependencies += "org.joda" % "joda-convert" % "1.2" withSources()

Note that there is a blank line between any two code lines.

For people unfamiliar with SBT, here is detailed explanation:

name := "SBT Learning"  - The name of this project is "SBT Learning
version := "1.0" - The project version is 1.0
scalaVersion := "2.10.0" - This project uses Scala version 2.10.0
libraryDependencies += "joda-time" % "joda-time" % "2.1" withSources() -  to add a third-party library joda-time (groupId: joda-time, artifactId: joda-time, version: 2.1)  to our project. SBT will also download the source code for joda-time 2.1 to our local cache (located under ${USER-HOME}\.ivy2, where ${USER-HOME} is a place holder for the user's home directory, e.g. C:\users\ted, on a Windows 7 PC)
libraryDependencies += "org.joda" % "joda-convert" % "1.2" withSources() - to add a third-party library joda-convert (groupId: org.joda, artifiactId: joda-convert, version: 1.2) to our project. joda-convert 1.2 is required for Scala programs that use joda-time 2.1.

Open a command window, cd into the usesbt directory. Run command sbt. You will see the following command output:

[info] Loading global plugins from C:\Users\ted\.sbt\plugins
[info] Set current project to SBT Learning (in build file:/C:/learning/usesbt/)
>

The > shows that you are in the sbt interactive shell.

In the sbt shell, run command eclipse. You will see something like below in the command window:

> eclipse
[info] About to create Eclipse project files for your project(s).
[info] Updating {file:/C:/learning/usesbt/}default-1d1d75...
[info] Resolving org.scala-lang#scala-library;2.10.0 ...
[info] Resolving joda-time#joda-time;2.1 ...
[info] Resolving org.joda#joda-convert;1.2 ...
[info] downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/joda-time/joda-time/2.1/joda-time-2.1-sources.jar ...
[info]  [SUCCESSFUL ] joda-time#joda-time;2.1!joda-time.jar(src) (2730ms)
[info] downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/joda-time/joda-time/2.1/joda-time-2.1.jar ...
[info]  [SUCCESSFUL ] joda-time#joda-time;2.1!joda-time.jar (2309ms)
[info] downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/joda/joda-convert/1.2/joda-convert-1.2.jar ...
[info]  [SUCCESSFUL ] org.joda#joda-convert;1.2!joda-convert.jar (296ms)
[info] downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/joda/joda-convert/1.2/joda-convert-1.2-sources.jar ...
[info]  [SUCCESSFUL ] org.joda#joda-convert;1.2!joda-convert.jar(src) (608ms)
[info] Done updating.
[info] Successfully created Eclipse project files for project(s):
[info] SBT Learning
>

Import a sbt Project into Eclipse


Now back to Eclipse. Click the File | Import... meu item.

On the Import dialog, select General | Existing Projects into Workspace. Click the Next button. Select C:\learning\usesbt as the root directory. Click the Finish button. 

Now you have a corresponding Eclipse project in the IDE. And you are ready to program in Eclipse.

Programming in Eclipse

Switch to the Scala perspective.

Create a simple Scala program that uses joda-time as in Listing-1.


Listing-1 - A Simple Scala Program
 

package jodatime.example

import org.joda.time.DateTime

object UseJodaTime extends App {  
    println(new DateTime)
}

To run the Scala program, open it on the Editor; right click the editor and, from the context menu, select Run As | Scala Application. The program will run, and output something like:

2013-02-24T15:58:15.228-05:00

Updating Third-Party Libraries

When you need to add/remove/update third-party libraries, change the build.sbt file. Then in the sbt interactive shell, run command reload and eclipse. At last, in Eclipse, right click the project in Package Explorer, and click Refresh from the context menu.

Attach Third-Party Library Source

If you want to look into the source code of or debug through a third-party library, you need to attach its source code to the library. To attach the source code of the joda-time library, do the following:

1. On Eclipse Package Explorer, right click the SBT Learning project, and from the context menu, select Properties.
2. On the Properties for SBT Learning dialog, select Java Build Path from the left pane, and the Libraries tab on the right. Select the Source attachment node under joda-time-2.1.jar, click the Edit ... button. See Figure 1 Attach Library Source Code below
3. On the Source Attachment Configuration dialog, select the External Location radio button, and click the External File button, browse the file system to select ${USER-HOME}\.ivy2\cache\joda-time\joda-time\srcs\joda-time-2.1-sources,jar, where ${USER-HOME} is a place holder for the user's home directory. ...and click the OK button. See Figure 2 Select The Path to The Source Code below.

Figure 1 Attach Library Source Code

Figure 2 Select The Path to The Source Code

Dissection of URL of HTTP Requests in Java Web Applications

Java web applications are request-driven. A client (i.e. a web browser) sends a HTTP request to a server (e.g. Tomcat) and gets a HTTP response back, and displays content of the response. Every HTTP request has a URL. This article is a brief explanation of the structure of such URLs.

Overview

A typical HTTP request URL is like: http://www.mycompany.com/my-web-appliction/my-servlet?param1=value1&param2=value2

It begins with "http" or "https" - the request protocol.

In above example, www.mycompany.com is the full host name of the server. The place can also been taken by the IP address of the server. If the protocol is http but the server port is not 80 (or the protocol is https but the server port is not 443), the port number has to be appended to the host name, like in www.mycompany.com:8080. Here 8080 is the server port.

In above example,  my-web-appliction is the context root of the web application. The way to specify the context root of a web application depends on the application server (e.g. WebLogic server). More details on this will come later.

In above example, my-servlet is the servlet URL. A servlet's URL is specified in the web.xml file for the web application (every servlet is declared in a web application). Details will come later.

In above example, param1=value1&param2=value2 are the request parameters. They are name/value pairs. Withing a pair, the name and value are separated by =, and pairs are separated by & (or ;). In this example, there are two request parameters, named param1 and param2, and their value are respectively value1 and value2. In a generic HTTP URL, this part is called a query string, and is separated from the main URL by a character ?.

Specifying Context Root of a Web Application  in Apache Tomcat

In Tomcat, the name of the base direction of a web application is the context root. For example, if the base directory of a web application is tomcat/webapps/mywebapp, where tomcat is the installation directory of Tomcat, the context root is mywebapp.


Specifying Context Root of a Web Application in JBoss Server

It is the value of the <module>/<web>/<context-root> element in application.xml.

Specifying Context Root of a Web Application in WebLogic Server

It is the value of the <context-root> element in weblogic.xml for the web applicaiton (i.e. in the same directory as web.xml for the web application)

Specifying Context Root of a Web Application in WebSphere Server

It is the value of the uri attribute of the <context-root> element in the ibm-web-ext.xml for the web application (i.e. in the same directory as web.xml for the web application)


Specifying  Servlet URL

An example (partial) web.xml for a web application:

<servlet>

    <servlet-name>the-servlet-name</servlet-name>

    <servlet-class>com.mycompany.XyzServlet</servlet>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

    <servlet-name>the-servlet-name</servlet-name>

    <url-pattern>/my-servlet</url-pattern> 

</servlet-mapping>